Future benefit
ノートに なまえが かいてあります。
'Verb-te form + aru' indicates that some action has taken place
in advance for future benefit.
In the example above, somebody put his/her name on the notebook,
so that we know whose it is
In Japan, daruma dolls are often bought to deter bad lucks.
あすは パーティーがあるから、スーパーに 行って ワインや ビールを 買いました。
いま、れいぞうこには ワインや ビールが たくさん 買って あります。
Note that the subject marker paritlce GA is employed here.Verb 1 takes place after verb 2.
The verb form that follows 'ato de' must be in the past tense regardless of the tense
in the main clause.
えいがを 見たあとで きっさてんに 行きました。
Please note that the verb 'miru' takes the past tense form 'mita'
although the tense of the main clause 'iki-masu' is in the non-past
do something before you do something
In contrast with No.5, the verb which is joined up 'mae ni' must be
the dictionary form regardless of the tense in the main clause.
In English when the verb in the main clause is in the past,
the tense in the subordinate clause is also in the past
because the tense agreement applies as follows:We had very good wine before we went out for an open-air concert inch park. However, this does not apply in Japanese.
ともだちが 来るまえに しゅくだいを します。
In this example, both 'kuru' and 'shi-masu' are in the non-past.
ともだちが 来るまえに しゅくだいを しました。
The tense of the verb 'kuru' in the subordinate clause is in the non-past although the tense of the verb in the main clause 'shi-masita' is in the past tense.
Purpose of your going/coming/returning to some place.
People usually have a reason why they go/come/return somewhere.
This purpose of going/coming/returning can be expressed by the form
'Verb-premasu form + ni + iku/kuru/kaeru'.
きのう 本を かいに 行きました。
The reason why (I) went out yesterday was to buy a book.
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Please don't ...
おおきい こえで はなさないで ください。
Negative-te form + kudasai" is employed when you ask somebody not to do something.
エスカレーターに のらないで ください。
'Toki' literally refers to a specific time when some action takes place.
However, this can mean either 'a time right before some action takes place' or 'right after',
dependent upon the tense of the verb that precedes this.
日本人は よる ねむるとき、「おやすみなさい」と いいます。
'Toki' in the example above means 'right before' because the verb 'nemuru' is non-past.
あした 山田さんが ここに 来たとき、でんわばんごうを ききます。
However, 'toki' in this example means 'right after' because the verb tense is in the past.
Two actions that take place one after another.
Verb-Te form + kara' is employed to stress the continuity of two actions that take place one after another.
「てがみを もう だしましたか。」
「いいえ、きってを はってから だします。」
See the sentence above. 'You put a stamp on the card, after which you will post it.'
Please note the following two other different functions of 'kara'.
せんしゅうは げつよう日から すいよう日まで とても いい てんきでした。
The 'kara' above denotes 'from'.
きのうは しけんが あったから、とても つかれました。
This 'kara' denotes 'because'. See Number 18 on the grammar table.
A change has taken place.
The point ('NA'-adjective-turned-adverb + naru) here is how to modify
NA-adjectives into adverbial forms, which modifies the verb 'naru'
to means that some change has taken place.
こうえんは ゆうがた とても しずかに なりました。
This example above contains 'shizuka-ni', which is an adverbial form of the 'NA'-adjective 'shizuka-na'.
I-adjective-based adverbs + naru
This is an I-adjective version of of No. 11 above, which implies that a change has taken place.
「かぜは とうですか。」
「ええ、もう よくなりました。」
'Yoku' is an adverb which is derived from the I-adjective 'ii'
Negative form of I-adjectives
Make sure that you can conjugate I-adjective according to the mood and tense.
この にほんりょうは おいしくないです。
この にほんりょうは おいしく ありません。
Note that there are two different negative endings to I-adjectives as above.
The second one is slightly politer.
I-adjectives-turned-adverbs + verbs
Make sure that you can modify I-adjectives into adverbs to join them up with verbs.
ゆうべは ２時まで 本を 読んでいたから、けさは おそく おきました。
This is an I-adjective version of No. 2 on this
To join two 'NA'-adjectives
この まちは しずかで とても きれいです。
Have a clear understanding of how to join 'NA'-adjectives with other
adjectives. E.g.. shizuka-na + kirei-na = shizuka de kirei
Without doing ...
わたしは けさ ごはんを 食べないで 来ました。
The 'negative-te form' can be often be used to join two sentences.
S1: Kesa asa-gohan o tabe-masendeshita.S2: Kesa kaisha ni ki-mashita.When these are combined to produce a more complex sentence, the example above results.
I would like to do....
'Verb-premasu form + tai' denotes your wish, meaning '
I want to ...' This is not useful to describe someone else's wish like Mr. Suzuki
or Mr. Yamada, or any other third person(s). 'Tai', a type of I-adjective,
conjugates in the same way as I-adjectives according to your mood and tense as follows:
nomi-tai ( want to drink) / nomi-takunai (don't want to drink)
nomi-takatta (wanted to drink) / nomi-takunakatta (did not wanted to drink).
あした わたしは プールで
およぎたいです。
I would like to swim in the pool tomorrow.
'Kara' denotes the reason for some action.
Verbs that precedes this conjunction take the informal form.
「きのうは しゅくだいを しましたか。」
「いいえ、きのうは 学校に 本を わすれたから、できませんでした。」
Don't mix this 'kara' up with the particle 'kara'. See No. 10 above.
To join two I-adjectives.
この パンは やすくて おいしいです。
Make sure that you can join an I-adjective with other adjectives.
yasu-i + oishi-i = yasu-kute oishi-i
The Cause-effect relationship between two verbs - light reasoning
When two actions take place one after another, the relationship
between the two verbs sometimes denotes the cause-and-effect as above.
つよいかぜが ふいて、でんしゃが とまりました。
Lit: The strong wind blew, and (as a result) this trains stopped.
Make sure that you can conjugate i-adjectives as follows:
Non-past forms as belwo
さむい ・ さむくない ・
Past forms as below:
さむかった ・ さむくなかった
Amari / zenzen - not ... very much / not ... at all
Amari is an adverb which means 'not ... very much'. This adverb is usually employed in negative constructions and it modifies/qualifies adjectives and verbs.
In other words, when 'amari' is used, you need to keep verbs/adjectives in the negative forms as below.
日本の えいがは あまり 見ません。
きょうは あまり さむくないです。
This means that you need to understand negative forms of i-adjectives, na-adjectives and verbs.
'Zenzen', which means 'not ... at all', is another adverb that is used in negative sentences.
わたしは ラジオを ぜんぜん ききません。
ここは ぜんぜん しずかじゃ ありません。
V Te - for + kudasai - Please do something. V Te - for + kudasai - Please do something.
Verb Te form + kudasai is used to make a speaker's request.
'Kudasai-masen ka' is a politer form of this request.
You need to be able to conjugate verbs in order to produce the correct 'Te-from' of each verb.
あしたの そうべつかいで ピアノを ひいて ください。
'Dokoe... / nani ... / dare... + mo' means nowhere nothing and nobody respectively.
MO is a particle that emphasizes predicates such as verbs and adjectives.
わたしは きのう どこへも 行きませんでした。
おなかが いたくて あさから 何も 食べて いません。
ともだちは だれも じゅうどうに きょうみが ありません。
テーブルには だれも いません。
Adverbial form of i-adjectives
大きい → おおきく
はやい → はやく
いい → よく
Make sure that you can modify i-adjectives into correct adverbial forms.
字を もうすこし 大きく かきましょう。
Negative forms of na-adjective
Na-adjectives are noun-based adjectives, so
they need a proper verb 'desu' to mean negative / positive or past / non-past.
This is very different from i-adjectives.
Click here if you would like to revise how na-adjecitives conjugate.
あねは ピアノが あまり じょうずでは ありません。
only
'Shika" is a particle that is employed in negative construction.
しゃしんは すこししか とりませんでした。
Verb Te form + iru' denotes that some action happened to something and the state that was caused by this action continues.
「こうちゃ、もう いっぱい いかがですか。」
「いいえ、もう けっこうです。まだ はいっていますから。」
Te form of verbsVerb Te forms are employed to link multiple sentences to stress the continuity of these actions. To link sentences with this form, the subjects and tense of these sentences have to be the same.
テストは １時に はじまって、２時に おわります。
The exam starts at one and ends at two o'clock.
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